Test Bank for Biopsychology 8th Edition by John P.J. Pinel
Test Bank for Biopsychology 8th Edition by John P.J. Pinel
Pinel clearly presents the fundamentals of Biopsychology and makes the topics personally and socially relevant to the reader.
The defining feature of Biopsychology is its unique combination of biopsychological science and personal, reader-oriented discourse. Rather than introducing biopsychology in the usual textbook fashion, it interweaves the fundamentals of the field with clinical case studies, social issues, personal implications, and humorous anecdotes. It tries to be a friendly mentor that speaks directly to the reader, enthusiastically relating recent advances in biopsychological science
Table of Content
Brief Table of Contents
Part 1: What is Biopsychology?
Chapter 1: Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?
Part 2: Foundations of Biopsychology
Chapter 2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking about the Biology of Behavior
Chapter 3: Anatomy of the Nervous System: Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System
Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals
Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do
PART ONE Methods of Studying the Nervous System
PART TWO Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology
Part 3: Sensory and Motor Systems
Chapter 6: The Visual System: How We See
Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention: How You Know the World
Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System: How You Move
Part 4: Brain Plasticity
Chapter 9: Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You
Chapter 10: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage?
Chapter 11: Learning, Memory, and Amnesia: How Your Brain Stores Information
Part 5: Biopsychology of Motivation
Chapter 12: Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do Many People Eat Too Much?
Chapter 13: Hormones and Sex: What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?
Chapter 14: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep?
Chapter 15: Drug Addiction and the Brain’s Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure
Part 6: Disorders of Cognition and Emotion
Chapter 16: Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and the Right Brain of Language
Chapter 17: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
Chapter 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged
Detailed Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?
Four Major Themes of This Book
1.1 What Is Biopsychology?
1.2 What Is the Relation between Biopsychology and the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience?
1.3 What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach?
Human and Nonhuman Subjects
Experiments and Nonexperiments
Pure and Applied Research
1.4 What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology?
Physiological Psychology
Psychopharmacology
Neuropsychology
Psychophysiology
Cognitive Neuroscience
Comparative Psychology
1.5 Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together?
1.6 Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain?
1.7 Critical Thinking about Biopsychological Claims
Themes Revisited
Think about it
Sample study questions
Key terms
Chapter 2
Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking about the Biology of Behavior
2.1 Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From Dichotomies to Interactions
Is It Physiological, or Is It Psychological?
Is It Inherited, or Is It Learned?
Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies
2.2 Human Evolution
Course of Human Evolution
Thinking about Human Evolution
Evolution of the Human Brain
Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Mate Bonding
Thinking about Evolutionary Psychology
2.3 Fundamental Genetics
Mendelian Genetics
Chromosomes: Reproduction and Recombination
Chromosomes: Structure and Replication
Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits
The Genetic Code and Gene Expression
Mitochondrial DNA
Modern Genetics
2.4 Behavioral Development: Interaction of Genetic Factors and Experience
Selective Breeding of “Maze-Bright” and “Maze-Dull” Rats
Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder
Development of Birdsong
2.5 Genetics of Human Psychological Differences
Development of Individuals versus Development of Differences among Individuals
Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 3
Anatomy of the Nervous System: Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System
3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System
Divisions of the Nervous System
Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Blood-Brain Barrier
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
Anatomy of Neurons
Glial Cells: The Forgotten Cells
3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions
Neuroanatomical Techniques
Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System
3.4 Spinal Cord
3.5 Five Major Divisions of the Brain
3.6 Major Structures of the Brain
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
The Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 4
Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals
4.1 Neuron’s Resting Membrane Potential
Recording the Membrane Potential
Resting Membrane Potential
Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential
4.2 Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials
4.3 Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials
4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials
The Ionic Basis of Action Potentials
Refractory Periods
Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials
Conduction in Myelinated Axons
The Velocity of Axonal Conduction
Conduction in Neurons without Axons
The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective
4.5 Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals Among Neurons
Structure of Synapses
Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules
Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules
Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules
Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling
Glial Function and Synaptic Transmission
4.6 Neurotransmitters
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
Monoamine Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Unconventional Neurotransmitters
Neuropeptides
4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior
How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission
Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines of Research
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 5
The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do
PART ONE Methods of Studying the Nervous System
5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain
Contrast X-Rays
X-Ray Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography
Functional MRI
Magnetoencephalography
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity
Scalp Electroencephalography
Muscle Tension
Eye Movement
Cardiovascular Activity
5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods
Stereotaxic Surgery
Lesion Methods
Electrical Stimulation
Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods
5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods
Routes of Drug Administration
Selective Chemical Lesions
Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain
Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain
5.5 Genetic Engineering
Gene Knockout Techniques
Gene Replacement Techniques
Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow
PART TWO Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology
5.6 Neuropsychological Testing
Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing
Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery
Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function
Frontal-Lobe Function
5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior
Paradigms for Assessment of Species-Common Behaviors
Traditional Conditioning Paradigms
Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 6
The Visual System: How We See
6.1 Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina
The Pupil and the Lens
Eye Position and Binocular Disparity
6.2 The Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals
Cone and Rod Vision
Spectral Sensitivity
Eye Movement
Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals
6.3 From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex
Retinotopic Organization
The M and P Channels
6.4 Seeing Edges
Lateral Inhibition and Contrast Enhancement
Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons
Receptive Fields: Neurons of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System
Receptive Fields: Simple Cortical Cells
Receptive Fields: Complex Cortical Cells
Columnar Organization of Primary Visual Cortex
Plasticity of Receptive Fields of Neurons in the Visual Cortex
6.5 Seeing Color
Component and Opponent Processing
Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory
6.6 Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Awareness
Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and Completion
Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas, Blindsight, and Conscious Awareness
Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex
Dorsal and Ventral Streams
Prosopagnosia
Akinetopsia
Conclusion
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 7
Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention: How You Know the World
7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Hierarchical Organization
Functional Segregation
Parallel Processing
Summary Model of Sensory System Organization
7.2 Auditory System
The Ear
From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex
Subcortical Mechanisms of Sound Localization
Auditory Cortex
Effects of Damage to the Auditory System
7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Cutaneous Receptors
Dermatomes
Two Major Somatosensory Pathways
Cortical Areas of Somatosensation
Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Somatosensory System and Association Cortex
Somatosensory Agnosias
Perception of Pain
Neuropathic Pain
7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Olfactory System
Gustatory System
Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses
7.5 Selective Attention
Change Blindness
Neural Mechanisms of Attention
Simultanagnosia
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 8
The Sensorimotor System: How You Move
8.1 Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function
The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized
Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input
Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Sensorimotor Control
A General Model of Sensorimotor System Function
8.2 Sensorimotor Association Cortex
Posterior Parietal Association Cortex
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex
8.3 Secondary Motor Cortex
Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex
Mirror Neurons
8.4 Primary Motor Cortex
Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind
8.5 Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Basal Ganglia
8.6 Descending Motor Pathways
Dorsolateral Corticospinal Tract and Dorsolateral Corticorubrospinal Tract
Ventromedial Corticospinal Tract and Ventromedial Cortico-brainstem-spinal Tract
Comparison of the Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways
8.7 Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits
Muscles
Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles
Stretch Reflex
Withdrawal Reflex
Reciprocal Innervation
Recurrent Collateral Inhibition
Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex
8.8 Central Sensorimotor Programs
Central Sensorimotor Programs Are Capable of Motor Equivalence
Sensory Information That Controls Central Sensorimotor Programs Is Not Necessarily Conscious
Central Sensorimotor Programs Can Develop without Practice
Practice Can Create Central Sensorimotor Programs
Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 9
Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You
9.1 Phases of Neurodevelopment
Induction of the Neural Plate
Neural Proliferation
Migration and Aggregation
Axon Growth and Synapse Formation
Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement
9.2 Postnatal Cerebral Development in Human Infants
Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain
Development of the Prefrontal Cortex
9.3 Effects of Experience on the Early Development, Maintenance, and Reorganization of Neural Circuits
Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Deprivation and Enrichment
Competitive Nature of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Ocular Dominance Columns
Effects of Experience on Topographic Sensory Cortex Maps
Experience Fine-Tunes Neurodevelopment
9.4 Neuroplasticity in Adults
Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals
Effects of Experience on the Reorganization of the Adult Cortex
9.5 Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Autism and Williams Syndrome
Williams Syndrome
Epilogue
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 10
Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage?
10.1 Causes of Brain Damage
Brain Tumors
Cerebrovascular Disorders: Strokes
Closed-Head Injuries
Infections of the Brain
Neurotoxins
Genetic Factors
Programmed Cell Death
10.2 Neuropsychological Diseases
Epilepsy
Parkinson’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Alzheimer’s Disease
10.3 Animal Models of Human Neuropsychological Diseases
Kindling Model of Epilepsy
Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease
10.4 Neuroplastic Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization, and Recovery
Neural Regeneration
Neural Reorganization
Recovery of Function after Brain Damage
10.5 Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of Nervous System Damage
Reducing Brain Damage by Blocking Neurodegeneration
Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Promoting Regeneration
Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Neurotransplantation
Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Rehabilitative Training
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 11
Learning, Memory, and Amnesia: How Your Brain Stores Information
11.1 Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy
Formal Assessment of H.M.’s Anterograde Amnesia: Discovery of Unconscious Memories
Three Major Scientific Contributions of H.M.’s Case
Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia
Semantic and Episodic Memories
11.2 Amnesia of Korsakoff’s Syndrome
11.3 Amnesia of Alzheimer’s Disease
11.4 Amnesia after Concussion: Evidence for Consolidation
Posttraumatic Amnesia
Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation
Hippocampus and Consolidation
Reconsolidation
11.5 Neuroanatomy of Object-Recognition Memory
Monkey Model of Object-Recognition Amnesia: The Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test
Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test for Rats
Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition Deficits Resulting from Medial Temporal Lobectomy
11.6 The Hippocampus and Memory for Spatial Location
Hippocampal Lesions Disrupt the Performance of Spatial Tasks
Hippocampal Place Cells
Hippocampal and Entorhinal Grid Cells
Comparative Studies of the Hippocampus and Spatial Memory
Theories of Hippocampal Function
11.7 Where Are Memories Stored?
Inferotemporal Cortex
Amygdala
Prefrontal Cortex
Cerebellum and Striatum
11.8 Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
Long-Term Potentiation
Induction of LTP: Learning
Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall
Variability of LTP
11.9 Conclusion: Biopsychology of Memory and You
Infantile Amnesia
Smart Drugs: Do They Work?
Posttraumatic Amnesia and Episodic Memory
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 12
Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do Many People Eat Too Much?
12.1 Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization
Digestion
Energy Storage in the Body
Three Phases of Energy Metabolism
12.2 Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points versus Positive Incentives
Set-Point Assumption
Glucostatic and Lipostatic Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating
Positive-Incentive Perspective
12.3 Factors That Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat
Factors That Determine What We Eat
Factors That Influence When We Eat
Factors That Influence How Much We Eat
12.4 Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety
Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety
Myth of Hypothalamic Hunger and Satiety Centers
Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety
Hunger and Satiety Peptides
12.5 Body Weight Regulation: Set Points versus Settling Points
Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight and Eating
Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control
12.6 Human Obesity: Causes, Treatments, and Mechanisms
Who Needs to Be Concerned about Obesity?
Why Is There an Epidemic of Obesity?
Why Do Some People Become Obese While Others Do Not?
Why Are Weight-Loss Programs Typically Ineffective?
Leptin and the Regulation of Body Fat
Serotonergic Drugs and the Treatment of Obesity
12.7 Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
The Relation between Anorexia and Bulimia
Anorexia and Positive Incentives
Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 13
Hormones and Sex: What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?
Men-Are-Men-and-Women-Are-Women Assumption
Developmental and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones
13.1 Neuroendocrine System
Glands
Gonads
Classes of Hormones
Sex Steroids
Hormones of the Pituitary
Female Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Cyclic; Male Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Steady
Neural Control of the Pituitary
Control of the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary by the Hypothalamus
Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones
Regulation of Hormone Levels
Pulsatile Hormone Release
Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation
13.2 Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body
Fetal Hormones and Development of Reproductive Organs
Puberty: Hormones and the Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics
13.3 Hormones and Sexual Development of Brain and Behavior
Sex Differences in the Brain
Perinatal Hormones and Behavioral Development
13.4 Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development
Do the Exceptional Cases Prove the Rule?
13.5 Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults
Male Reproduction-Related Behavior and Testosterone
Female Reproduction-Related Behavior and Gonadal Hormones
Anabolic Steroid Abuse
Neuroprotective Effects of Estradiol
13.6 Neural Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior
Structural Differences between the Male and Female Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus and Male Sexual Behavior
Hypothalamus and Female Sexual Behavior
13.7 Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity
Sexual Orientation and Genes
Sexual Orientation and Early Hormones
What Triggers the Development of Sexual Attraction?
Is There a Difference in the Brains of Homosexuals and Heterosexuals?
Independence of Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 14
Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep?
14.1 Stages of Sleep
Four Stages of Sleep EEG
REM Sleep and Dreaming
Testing Common Beliefs about Dreaming
Interpretation of Dreams
14.2 Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do?
Comparative Analysis of Sleep
14.3 Effects of Sleep Deprivation
Interpretation of Sleep Deprivation: The Stress Problem
Experimental Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans
Sleep-Deprivation Studies with Laboratory Animals
REM-Sleep Deprivation
Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep
14.4 Circadian Sleep Cycles
Free-Running Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycles
Jet Lag and Shift Work
A Circadian Clock Is in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
Neural Mechanisms of Entrainment
Genetics of Circadian Rhythms
14.5 Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep
Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep
Reticular Activating System and Sleep
Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei
14.6 Drugs That Affect Sleep
Hypnotic Drugs
Antihypnotic Drugs
Melatonin
14.7 Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Hypersomnia
REM-Sleep-Related Disorders
14.8 Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction
Differences Between Short and Long Sleepers
Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep
Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping
Effects of Shorter Sleep Times on Health
Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal Case Study
Conclusion
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 15
Drug Addiction and the Brain’s Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure
15.1 Basic Principles of Drug Action
Drug Administration and Absorption
Drug Penetration of the Central Nervous System
Mechanisms of Drug Action
Drug Metabolism and Elimination
Drug Tolerance
Drug Withdrawal Effects and Physical Dependence
Addiction: What Is It?
15.2 Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance
Contingent Drug Tolerance
Conditioned Drug Tolerance
Thinking about Drug Conditioning
15.3 Five Commonly Abused Drugs
Tobacco
Marijuana
Cocaine and Other Stimulants
The Opiates: Heroin and Morphine
Comparison of the Hazards of Tobacco, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin
15.4 Biopsychological Approaches to Theories of Addiction
Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction
From Pleasure to Compulsion: Incentive-Sensitization Theory
Relapse and Its Causes
15.5 Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Pleasure Centers of the Brain
Fundamental Characteristics of Intracranial Self-Stimulation
Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System and Intracranial Self-Stimulation
15.6 Early Studies of Brain Mechanisms of Addiction: Dopamine
Two Key Methods for Measuring Drug-Produced Reinforcement in Laboratory Animals
Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine in Drug Addiction
The Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction
Support for the Involvement of Dopamine in Addiction: Evidence from Imaging Human Brains
Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens: What Is Its Function?
15.7 Current Approaches to Brain Mechanisms of Addiction
Current Issues in Modern Addiction Research
Brain Structures That Mediate Addiction: The Current View
15.8 A Noteworthy Case of Addiction
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 16
Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and the Right Brain of Language
16.1 Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction
Discovery of the Specific Contributions of Left-Hemisphere Damage to Aphasia and Apraxia
Tests of Cerebral Lateralization
Discovery of the Relation between Speech Laterality and Handedness
Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization
16.2 The Split Brain
Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers and Sperry
Commissurotomy in Human Epileptics
Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain Patients Can Function Independently
Cross-Cuing
Doing Two Things at Once
The Z Lens
Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients
Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current Perspective
16.3 Differences between Left and Right Hemispheres
Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function
What Is Lateralized-Broad Clusters of Abilities or Individual Cognitive Processes?
Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain
16.4 Evolutionary Perspective of Cerebral Lateralization and Language
Theories of the Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization
When Did Cerebral Lateralization Evolve?
What Are the Survival Advantages of Cerebral Lateralization?
Evolution of Human Language
16.5 Cortical Localization of Language: Wernicke-Geschwind Model
Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
The Wernicke-Geschwind Model
16.6 Wernicke-Geschwind Model: The Evidence
Effects of Cortical Damage on Language Abilities
Effects of Electrical Stimulation to the Cortex on Language Abilities
Current Status of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
16.7 Cognitive Neuroscience of Language
Functional Brain Imaging and the Localization of Language
16.8 Cognitive Neuroscience of Dyslexia
Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms
Developmental Dyslexia and Culture
Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep and Surface Dyslexia
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 17
Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
17.1 Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction
Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Investigation of Emotion
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
Emotions and Facial Expression
17.2 Fear, Defense, and Aggression
Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors
Aggression and Testosterone
17.3 Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning
Amygdala and Fear Conditioning
Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus
Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning
17.4 Stress and Health
The Stress Response
Animal Models of Stress
Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers
Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune System, and the Brain
Early Experience of Stress
Stress and the Hippocampus
17.5 Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion
Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion
Amygdala and Human Emotion
Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion
Lateralization of Emotion
Individual Differences in the Neural Mechanisms of Emotion
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
Chapter 18
Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged
18.1 Schizophrenia
What Is Schizophrenia?
Causal Factors in Schizophrenia
Discovery of the First Antischizophrenic Drugs
Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia
Neural Basis of Schizophrenia: Limitations of the Dopamine Theory
18.2 Affective Disorders: Depression and Mania
Major Categories of Affective Disorders
Causal Factors in Affective Disorder.
Discovery of Antidepressant Drugs
Brain Pathology and Affective Disorders
Theories of Depression
Treatment of Depression with Brain Stimulation
18.3 Anxiety Disorders
Five Classes of Anxiety Disorders
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Animal Models of Anxiety
Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders
18.4 Tourette Syndrome
What Is Tourette Syndrome?
Neuropathology of Tourette Syndrome
Treatment of Tourette Syndrome
18.5 Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs
Clinical Trials: The Three Phases
Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials
Effectiveness of Clinical Trials
Conclusion
Themes Revisited
Think about It
Sample study questions
Key Terms
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