Test bank for Biology Exploring the Diversity of Life 3rd canadian Edition by Peter Russell
Test bank for Biology Exploring the Diversity of Life 3rd canadian Edition by Peter Russell
Welcome to an exploration of the diversity of life. The main goal of this text is to guide you on a journey of discovery about life’s diversity across levels ranging from molecules to genes, cells to organs, and species to ecosystems. Along the way, we will explore many questions about the mechanisms underlying diversity as well as the consequences of diversity for our own species and for others. Presenting the awe-inspiring diversity of life in an evolutionary context – from algae fuel to zombie worms – the 3rd Canadian edition continues to inspire students and instructors to better understand the workings and wonders of the biological world.
Additional ISBNs
0176707557, 9780176707552, 9780176683825
Table of Content
IFC
Title
Statement
Copyright
Dedication
About the Canadian Authors
About the U.S. Authors
Brief Table of Contents
Contents
Preface
New to This Edition
Think and Engage Like a Scientist
The Big Picture
Think Like a Scientist
Visual Learning
Review
Student Resources
Instructor Resources
Prospering in Biology
Acknowledgements
Introduction 1: Origins and Organization
Ch 1: Light and Life
Ch 1: Study Plan
Ch 1: Why It Matters
1.1: The Physical Nature of Light
1.2: Light as a Source of Energy
1.3: Light as a Source of Information
1.4: The Uniqueness of Light
1.5: Light Can Damage Biological Molecules
1.6: Using Light to Tell Time
1.7: The Role of Light in Behaviour and Ecology
1.8: Life in the Dark
1.9: Organisms Making Their Own Light: Bioluminescence
Ch 1: Review
Ch 1: Questions
Ch 2: The Cell: An Overview
Ch 2: Study Plan
Ch 2: Why It Matters
2.1: Basic Features of Cell Structure and Function
2.2: Prokaryotic Cells
2.3: Eukaryotic Cells
2.4: Specialized Structures of Plant Cells
2.5: The Animal Cell Surface
Ch 2: Review
Ch 2: Questions
Ch 3: Defining Life and Its Origins
Ch 3: Study Plan
Ch 3: Why It Matters
3.1: What Is Life?
3.2: The Chemical Origins of Life
3.3: From Macromolecules to Life
3.4: The Earliest Forms of Life
3.5: The Eukaryotic Cell and the Rise of Multicellularity
3.6: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life
Ch 3: Review
Ch 3: Questions
Ch 4: Energy and Enzymes
Ch 4: Study Plan
Ch 4: Why It Matters
4.1: Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
4.2: Free Energy and Spontaneous Processes
4.3: Thermodynamics and Life
4.4: Overview of Metabolism
4.5: The Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
4.6: Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
Ch 4: Review
Ch 4: Questions
Ch 5: Cell Membranes and Signalling
Ch 5: Study Plan
Ch 5: Why It Matters
5.1: An Overview of the Structure of Membranes
5.2: The Lipid Fabric of a Membrane
5.3: Membrane Proteins
5.4: Passive Membrane Transport
5.5: Active Membrane Transport
5.6: Exocytosis and Endocytosis
5.7: Role of Membranes in Cell Signalling
Ch 5: Review
Ch 5: Questions
Ch 6: Cellular Respiration
Ch 6: Study Plan
Ch 6: Why It Matters
6.1: The Chemical Basis of Cellular Respiration
6.2: Cellular Respiration: An Overview
6.3: Glycolysis: The Splitting of Glucose
6.4: Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
6.5: Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis
6.6: The Efficiency and Regulation of Cellular Respiration
6.7: Oxygen and Cellular Respiration
Ch 6: Review
Ch 6: Questions
Ch 7: Photosynthesis
Ch 7: Study Plan
Ch 7: Why It Matters
7.1: Photosynthesis: An Overview
7.2: The Photosynthetic Apparatus
7.3: The Light Reactions
7.4: The Calvin Cycle
7.5: Photorespiration and CO2-Concentrating Mechanisms
Concentrating Mechanisms
7.6: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Compared
Ch 7: Review
Ch 7: Questions
Ch 8: Cell Cycles
Ch 8: Study Plan
Ch 8: Why It Matters
8.1: The Cycle of Cell Growth and Division: An Overview
8.2: The Cell Cycle in Prokaryotic Organisms
8.3: Mitosis and the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
8.4: Formation and Action of the Mitotic Spindle
8.5: Cell Cycle Regulation
Ch 8: Review
Ch 8: Questions
Ch 9: Genetic Recombination
Ch 9: Study Plan
Ch 9: Why It Matters
9.1: Mechanism of Genetic Recombination
9.2: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
9.3: Genetic Recombination in Eukaryotes: Meiosis
9.4: Mobile Elements
Ch 9: Review
Ch 9: Questions
Ch 10: Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance
Ch 10: Study Plan
Ch 10: Why It Matters
10.1: The Beginnings of Genetics: Mendel’s Garden Peas
10.2: Later Modifications and Additions to Mendel’s Hypotheses
Ch 10: Review
Ch 10: Questions
Ch 11: Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics
Ch 11: Study Plan
Ch 11: Why It Matters
11.1: Genetic Linkage and Recombination
11.2: Sex-Linked Genes
11.3: Chromosomal Alterations That Affect Inheritance
11.4: Human Genetics and Genetic Counselling
11.5: Nontraditional Patterns of Inheritance
Ch 11: Review
Ch 11: Questions
Ch 12: DNA Structure, Replication, and Organization
Ch 12: Study Plan
Ch 12: Why It Matters
12.1: Establishing DNA as the Hereditary Molecule
12.2: DNA Structure
12.3: DNA Replication
12.4: Mechanisms That Correct Replication Errors
12.5: DNA Organization in Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells
Ch 12: Review
Ch 12: Questions
Ch 13: Gene Structure and Expression
Ch 13: Study Plan
Ch 13: Why It Matters
13.1: The Connection between DNA, RNA, and Protein
13.2: Transcription: DNA-Directed RNA Synthesis
13.3: Processing of mRNAs in Eukaryotes
13.4: Translation: mRNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis
Ch 13: Review
Ch 13: Questions
Ch 14: Control of Gene Expression
Ch 14: Study Plan
Ch 14: Why It Matters
14.1: Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotic Cells
14.2: Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
14.3: Posttranscriptional, Translational, and Posttranslational Regulation
14.4: The Loss of Regulatory Controls in Cancer
Ch 14: Review
Ch 14: Questions
Ch 15: DNA Technologies
Ch 15: Study Plan
Ch 15: Why It Matters
15.1: DNA Cloning
15.2: Applications of DNA Technologies
Ch 15: Review
Ch 15: Questions
Ch 16: Genomes and Proteomes
Ch 16: Study Plan
Ch 16: Why It Matters
16.1: Genomics: An Overview
16.2: Genome Sequence Determination and Annotation
16.3: Determining the Functions of the Genes in a Genome
16.4: Genome Evolution
Ch 16: Review
Ch 16: Questions
Ch 17: Evolution: The Development of the Theory
Ch 17: Study Plan
Ch 17: Why It Matters
17.1: Evolution: What Is It?
17.2: Pre-Darwin Knowledge of the Natural World
17.3: Biological Evolution
17.4: Evolutionary Biology since Darwin
17.5: Variation and Selection
Putting Evolution in Perspective
Ch 17: Review
Ch 17: Questions
Ch 18: Microevolution: Changes within Populations
Ch 18: Study Plan
Ch 18: Why It Matters
18.1: Variation in Natural Populations
18.2: Population Genetics
18.3: Evolutionary Agents
18.4: Maintaining Genetic and Phenotypic Variation
18.5: Adaptation and Evolutionary Constraints
Ch 18: Review
Ch 18: Questions
Ch 19: Species and Macroevolution
Ch 19: Study Plan
Ch 19: Why It Matters
19.1: What Is a Species?
19.2: Species Concepts
19.3: Maintaining Reproductive Isolation
19.4: The Geography of Speciation
19.5: Genetic Mechanisms of Speciation
Ch 19: Review
Ch 19: Questions
Ch 20: Understanding the History of Life on Earth
Ch 20: Study Plan
Ch 20: Why It Matters
20.1: The Geological Time Scale
20.2: The Fossil Record
20.3: Lives of Prehistoric Organisms
20.4: Phylogeny
20.5: Using Phylogenetics: The Evolution of Birds
20.6: Parallelism and Convergence Can Complicate the Scene
20.7: Putting Fossils and Phylogeny in Perspective
Ch 20: Review
Ch 20: Questions
Ch 21: Humans and Evolution
Ch 21: Study Plan
Ch 21: Why It Matters
21.1: The Fossil Record of Hominins
21.2: Morphology and Bipedalism
21.3: Human Features That Do Not Fossilize
21.4: Dispersal of Early Humans
21.5: Hominins and the Species Concepts
Ch 21: Review
Ch 21: Questions
Ch 22: Bacteria and Archaea
Ch 22: Study Plan
Ch 22: Why It Matters
22.1: The Full Extent of the Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea Is Unknown
22.2: Prokaryotic Structure and Function
22.3: The Domain Bacteria
22.4: The Domain Archaea
Ch 22: Review
Ch 22: Questions
Ch 23: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions: Infectious Biological Particles
Ch 23: Study Plan
Ch 23: Why It Matters
23.1: What Is a Virus? Characteristics of Viruses
23.2: Viruses Infect Bacterial, Animal, and Plant Cells by Similar Pathways
23.3: It Is Typically Difficult to Treat and Prevent Viral Infections
23.4: Viruses May Have Evolved from Fragments of Cellular DNA or RNA
23.5: Viroids and Prions Are Infective Agents Even Simpler in Structure than Viruses
Ch 23: Review
Ch 23: Questions
Ch 24: Protists
Ch 24: Study Plan
Ch 24: Why It Matters
24.1: The Vast Majority of Eukaryotes Are Protists
24.2: Characteristics of Protists
24.3: Protists’ Diversity Is Reflected in Their Metabolism, Reproduction, Structure, and Habitat
24.4: The Eukaryotic Supergroups and Their Key Protist Lineages
24.5: Some Protist Lineages Arose from Primary Endosymbiosis and Others from Secondary Endosymbiosis
Ch 24: Review
Ch 24: Questions
Ch 25: Fungi
Ch 25: Study Plan
Ch 25: Why It Matters
25.1: General Characteristics of Fungi
25.2: Evolution and Diversity of Fungi
25.3: Fungal Lifestyles
Ch 25: Review
Ch 25: Questions
Ch 26: Plants
Ch 26: Study Plan
Ch 26: Why It Matters
26.1: Defining Characteristics of Land Plants
26.2: The Transition to Life on Land
26.3: Bryophytes: Nonvascular Land Plants
26.4: Seedless Vascular Plants
26.5: Gymnosperms: The First Seed Plants
26.6: Angiosperms: Flowering Plants
Ch 26: Review
Ch 26: Questions
Ch 27: Diversity of Animals 1: Sponges, Radiata Platyhelminthes, and Protostomes
Ch 27: Study Plan
Ch 27: Why It Matters
27.1: What Is an Animal?
27.2: Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
27.3: An Overview of Animal Phylogeny and Classification
27.4: Phylum Porifera
27.5: Metazoans with Radial Symmetry
27.6: Lophotrochozoan Protostomes
27.7: Ecdysozoan Protostomes
Ch 27: Review
Ch 27: Questions
Ch 28: Diversity of Animals 2: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives
Ch 28: Study Plan
Ch 28: Why It Matters
28.1: Deuterostomes
28.2: Phylum Echinodermata
28.3: Phylum Hemichordata
28.4: Phylum Chordata
28.5: The Origin and Diversification of Vertebrates
28.6: Agnathans: Hagfishes and Lampreys, Conodonts, and Ostracoderms
28.7: Jawed Fishes: Jaws Expanded the Feeding Opportunities for Vertebrates
28.8: Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
28.9: The Origin and Mesozoic Radiations of Amniotes
28.10: Subclass Testudinata: Turtles and Tortoises
28.11: Living Diapsids: Sphenodontids, Squamates, and Crocodilians
28.12: Aves: Birds
28.13: Mammalia: Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals
28.14: Evolutionary Convergence and Mammalian Diversity: Tails to Teeth
Ch 28: Review
Ch 28: Questions
The Chemical, Physical, and Environmental Foundations of Biology
Ch 29: Population Ecology
Ch 29: Study Plan
Ch 29: Why It Matters
29.1: The Science of Ecology
29.2: Population Characteristics
29.3: Demography
29.4: The Evolution of Life Histories
29.5: Models of Population Growth
29.6: Population Regulation
29.7: Human Population Growth
29.8: Sisyphean Problems in Population Biology
Ch 29: Review
Ch 29: Questions
Ch 30: Population Interactions and Community Ecology
Ch 30: Study Plan
Ch 30: Why It Matters
30.1: Interspecific Interactions
30.2: Getting Food
30.3: Defence
30.4: Competition
30.5: The Nature of Ecological Communities
30.6: Community Characteristics
30.7: Effects of Population Interactions on Community Structure
30.8: Effects of Disturbance on Community Characteristics
30.9: Succession
30.10: Variations in Species Richness among Communities
Ch 30: Review
Ch 30: Questions
Ch 31: Ecosystems
Ch 31: Study Plan
Ch 31: Why It Matters
31.1: Energy Flow and Ecosystem Energetics
31.2: Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems
31.3: Ecosystem Modelling
31.4: Scale, Ecosystems, Species
31.5: Biomes and Ecozones
Ch 31: Review
Ch 31: Questions
Ch 32: Conservation of Biodiversity
Ch 32: Study Plan
Ch 32: Why It Matters
32.1: Extinction
32.2: The Impact of Humans
32.3: Introduced and Invasive Species
32.4: How We Got/Get There
32.5: Protecting Species
32.6: Protecting What?
32.7: The Downside of Being Rare
32.8: Protecting Habitat
32.9: Effecting Conservation
32.10: Taking Action
Ch 32: Review
Ch 32: Questions
Ch 33: Putting Selection to Work
Ch 33: Study Plan
Ch 33: Why It Matters
33.1: Domestication
33.2: Why Some Organisms Were Domesticated
33.3: Yields
33.4: Complications
33.5: Chemicals, Good and Bad
33.6: Molecular Farming
33.7: The Future
Ch 33: Review
Ch 33: Questions
Ch 34: Organization of the Plant Body
Ch 34: Study Plan
Ch 34: Why It Matters
34.1: Plant Structure and Growth: An Overview
34.2: The Three Plant Tissue Systems
34.3: Primary Shoot Systems
34.4: Root Systems
34.5: Secondary Growth
Ch 34: Review
Ch 34: Questions
Ch 35: Transport in Plants
Ch 35: Study Plan
Ch 35: Why It Matters
35.1: Principles of Water and Solute Movement in Plants
35.2: Uptake and Transport of Water and Solutes by Roots
35.3: Long-Distance Transport of Water and Minerals in the Xylem
35.4: Transport of Organic Substances in the Phloem
Ch 35: Review
Ch 35: Questions
Ch 36: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants
Ch 36: Study Plan
Ch 36: Why It Matters
36.1: Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
36.2: Flower Structure and Formation of Gametes
36.3: Pollination, Fertilization, and Germination
36.4: Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
36.5: Early Development of Plant Form and Function
Ch 36: Review
Ch 36: Questions
Ch 37: Plant Nutrition
Ch 37: Study Plan
Ch 37: Why It Matters
37.1: Plant Nutritional Requirements
37.2: Soil
37.3: Root Adaptations for Obtaining and Absorbing Nutrients
Ch 37: Review
Ch 37: Questions
Ch 38: Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment
Ch 38: Study Plan
Ch 38: Why It Matters
38.1: Introduction to Plant Hormones
38.2: Plant Chemical Defences
38.3: Plant Movements
38.4: Plant Biological Clocks
Ch 38: Review
Ch 38: Questions
Ch 39: Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology
Ch 39: Study Plan
Ch 39: Why It Matters
39.1: Organization of the Animal Body
39.2: Animal Tissues
39.3: Coordination of Tissues in Organs and Organ Systems
39.4: Homeostasis
Ch 39: Review
Ch 39: Questions
Ch 40: Transport in Animals: The Circulatory System
Ch 40: Study Plan
Ch 40: Why It Matters
40.1: Animal Circulatory Systems: An Introduction
40.2: Blood and Its Components
40.3: The Heart
40.4: Blood Vessels of the Circulatory System
40.5: Maintaining Blood Flow and Pressure
40.6: The Lymphatic System
Ch 40: Review
Ch 40: Questions
Ch 41: Reproduction in Animals
Ch 41: Study Plan
Ch 41: Why It Matters
41.1: The Drive to Reproduce
41.2: Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
41.3: Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction
41.4: Sexual Reproduction in Mammals
41.5: Controlling Reproduction
Ch 41: Review
Ch 41: Questions
Ch 42: Animal Development
Ch 42: Study Plan
Ch 42: Why It Matters
42.1: Housing and Fuelling Developing Young
42.2: Mechanisms of Embryonic Development
42.3: Major Patterns of Cleavage and Gastrulation
42.4: Organogenesis: Gastrulation to Adult Body Structures
42.5: Embryonic Development of Humans and Other Mammals
42.6: Cellular Basis of Development
42.7: Genetic and Molecular Control of Development
Ch 42: Review
Ch 42: Questions
Ch 43: Control of Animal Processes: Endocrine Control
Ch 43: Study Plan
Ch 43: Why It Matters
43.1: Hormones and Their Secretion
43.2: Mechanisms of Hormone Action
43.3: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary
43.4: Other Major Endocrine Glands of Vertebrates
43.5: Endocrine Systems in Invertebrates
Ch 43: Review
Ch 43: Questions
Ch 44: Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control
Ch 44: Study Plan
Ch 44: Why It Matters
44.1: Neurons and Their Organization in Nervous Systems: An Overview
44.2: Signal Initiation by Neurons
44.3: Conduction of Action Potentials along Neurons and across Chemical Synapses
44.4: Integration of Incoming Signals by Neurons
44.5: Evolutionary Trends in Neural Integration: Networks, Ganglia, and Brains
Ch 44: Review
Ch 44: Questions
Ch 45: Control of Animal Processes: Neural Integration
Ch 45: Study Plan
Ch 45: Why It Matters
45.1: Overview of Sensory Integration
45.2: Mechanoreceptors and the Tactile and Spatial Senses
45.3: Mechanoreceptors and Hearing
45.4: Photoreceptors and Vision
45.5: Chemoreceptors
45.6: Thermoreceptors and Nociceptors
45.7: Electroreceptors and Magnetoreceptors
45.8: Overview of Central Neural Integration
45.9: The Central Nervous System and Its Functions
45.10: Memory, Learning, and Consciousness
Ch 45: Review
Ch 45: Questions
Ch 46: Muscles, Skeletons, and Body Movements
Ch 46: Study Plan
Ch 46: Why It Matters
46.1: Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
46.2: Skeletal Systems
46.3: Vertebrate Movement: The Interactions between Muscles and Bones
Ch 46: Review
Ch 46: Questions
Ch 47: Animal Behaviour
Ch 47: Study Plan
Ch 47: Why It Matters
47.1: Genes, Environment, and Behaviour
47.2: Instinct
47.3: Learning
47.4: Neurophysiology and Behaviour
47.5: Hormones and Behaviour
47.6: Neural Anatomy and Behaviour
47.7: Communication
47.8: Space
47.9: Migration
47.10: Mates as Resources
47.11: Sexual Selection
47.12: Social Behaviour
47.13: Kin Selection and Altruism
47.14: Eusocial Animals
47.15: Human Social Behaviour
Ch 47: Review
Ch 47: Questions
Ch 48: Animal Nutrition
Ch 48: Study Plan
Ch 48: Why It Matters
48.1: Nutrients: Essential Materials
48.2: Obtaining and Absorbing Nutrients
48.3: Digestive Processes in Animals
48.4: Digestion in Mammals
48.5: Regulation of the Digestive Processes
48.6: Variations in Obtaining Nutrients
Ch 48: Review
Ch 48: Questions
Ch 49: Gas Exchange: The Respiratory System
Ch 49: Study Plan
Ch 49: Why It Matters
49.1: General Principles of Gas Exchange
49.2: Adaptations for Gas Exchange
49.3: The Mammalian Respiratory System
49.4: Mechanisms of Gas Transport
Ch 49: Review
Ch 49: Questions
Ch 50: Regulating the Internal Environment
Ch 50: Study Plan
Ch 50: Why It Matters
50.1: Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion
50.2: Osmoregulation and Excretion in Invertebrates
50.3: Osmoregulation and Excretion in Nonmammalian Vertebrates
50.4: Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals
50.5: Introduction to Thermoregulation
50.6: Ectothermy
50.7: Endothermy
Ch 50: Review
Ch 50: Questions
Ch 51: Defences against Disease
Ch 51: Study Plan
Ch 51: Why It Matters
51.1: Three Lines of Defence against Invasion
51.2: Nonspecific Defences: Innate Immunity
51.3: Specific Defences: Adaptive Immunity
51.4: Malfunctions and Failures of the Immune System
51.5: Defences in Other Organisms
51.6: How Do Parasites and Pathogens Circumvent Host Responses?
51.7: Parasite–Host Interactions and the Successes and Limitations of Vaccines
Ch 51: Review
Ch 51: Questions
Ch 52: Conservation and Evolutionary Physiology
Ch 52: Study Plan
Ch 52: Why It Matters
52.1: Physiological Integration
52.2: Animal Case History #1: Artemia, the Brine Shrimp
52.3: Animal Case History #2: The Bar-Headed Goose: Sustained Flight at High Altitude
52.4: Animal Case History #3: Coho Salmon
52.5: Plant Case History #1: Plant Species Adapted to Ancient, Low-Phosphorus Soils
52.6: Plant Case History #2: Understanding the Threat of Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)
Ch 52: Review
Ch 52: Questions
Appendix A: Answers to Self-Test Questions
Glossary
Index
IBC
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