Test bank For Biochemistry 1st Canadian Edition by Reginald Garrett
Test bank For Biochemistry 1st Canadian Edition by Reginald Garrett
Biochemistry 1st Canadian edition guides students through course concepts in a way that reveals the beauty and usefulness of biochemistry in the everyday world from a uniquely Canadian context. Biochemistry is a living science that touches every aspect of our lives and this book ensures students are made aware of the significance and interdisciplinary nature of this subject; questions posed at the beginning of each chapter and new “Why it Matters” boxes grab interest and tap into students inner ‘scientist’ answering why and how topics are relevant and important, “Human Biochemistry” features highlight how biochemistry affects our bodies, as well as “Critical Developments” sections focus on various types of drug design. Highlighting the most current research topics such as mRNA turnover and microRNA, as well as Canadian researchers and institutions, the 1st Canadian edition of Biochemistry will help students master the concepts of biochemistry and gain new insight into this dynamic science.
Additional ISBNs
0030097584, 0176502653, 0176547509, 9780030097584, 9780176502652, 9780176547509, 9780176639631
Table of Content
Title
Statement
Copyright
Dedication
About the Authors
Contents in Brief
Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments to the U.S. Edition
Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry
Part I: Building Blocks of the Cell
Ch 1: The Facts of Life: Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
1.1 What Are the Distinctive Properties of Living Systems?
1.2 What Kinds of Molecules Are Biomolecules?
1.3 What Is the Structural Organization of Complex Biomolecules?
1.4 How Do the Properties of Biomolecules Reflect Their Fitness to the Living Condition?
1.5 What Is the Organization and Structure of Cells?
1.6 What Are Viruses?
1.7 Do Biomolecules Ever Behave as Genetic Agents?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 2: Water: The Medium of Life
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
2.1 What Are the Properties of Water?
2.2 What Is pH?
2.3 What Are Buffers and What Do They Do?
2.4 What Properties of Water Give It a Unique Role in the Environment?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 3: Thermodynamics of Biological Systems
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
3.1 What Are the Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics?
3.2 What Can Thermodynamic Parameters Tell Us about Biochemical Events?
3.3 What Are the Characteristics of High-Energy Biomolecules?
3.4 What Are the Complex Equilibria Involved in ATP Hydrolysis?
3.5 Why Are Coupled Processes Important to Living Things?
3.6 What Is the Daily Human Requirement for ATP?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 4: Amino Acids
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters?
4.1 What Are the Structures and Properties of Amino Acids?
4.2 What Are the Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids?
4.3 What Are the Post-translational Modifications of Amino Acids?
4.4 What Are the Optical and Stereochemical Properties of Amino Acids?
4.5 What Are the Spectroscopic Properties of Amino Acids?
4.6 What Is the Fundamental Structural Pattern in Proteins?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 5: Proteins: Their Primary Structure and Biological Functions
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
5.1 What Architectural Arrangements Characterize Protein Structure?
5.2 How Are Proteins Isolated and Purified from Cells?
5.3 How Are Amino Acid Mixtures Separated?
5.4 How Is the Amino Acid Analysis of Proteins Performed?
5.5 How Is the Primary Structure of a Protein Determined?
5.6 What Is the Nature of Amino Acid Sequences?
5.7 Can Polypeptides Be Synthesized in the Laboratory?
5.8 Do Proteins Have Chemical Groups Other Than Amino Acids?
5.9 What Are the Many Biological Functions of Proteins?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 6: Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters?
6.1 What Non-covalent Interactions Stabilize Protein Structure?
6.2 What Role Does the Amino Acid Sequence Play in Protein Structure?
6.3 What Are the Elements of Secondary Structure in Proteins, and How Are They Formed?
6.4 How Do Polypeptides Fold into Three-Dimensional Protein Structures?
6.5 How Do Protein Subunits Interact at the Quaternary Level of Protein Structure?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 7: Carbohydrates and the Glycoconjugates of Cell Surfaces
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
7.1 What Are Carbohydrates, and How Are They Named?
7.2 What Is the Structure and Chemistry of Monosaccharides?
7.3 What Is the Structure and Chemistry of Oligosaccharides?
7.4 What Is the Structure and Chemistry of Polysaccharides?
7.5 What Are Glycoproteins, and How Do They Function in Cells?
7.6 How Do Proteoglycans Modulate Processes in Cells and Organisms?
7.7 Do Carbohydrates Provide a Structural Code?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 8: Lipids
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
8.1 What Are the Structures and Chemistry of Fatty Acids?
8.2 What Are the Structures and Chemistry of Triacylglycerols?
8.3 What Are the Structures and Chemistry of Glycerophospholipids?
8.4 What Are Sphingolipids, and How Are They Important for Higher Animals?
8.5 What Are Waxes, and How Are They Used?
8.6 What Are Terpenes, and What Is Their Relevance to Biological Systems?
8.7 What Are Steroids, and What Are Their Cellular Functions?
8.8 How Do Lipids and Their Metabolites Act as Biological Signals?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 9: Lipid Biosynthesis
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters?
9.1 How Are Fatty Acids Synthesized?
9.2 How Are Complex Lipids Synthesized?
9.3 How Are Eicosanoids Synthesized, and What Are Their Functions?
9.4 How Is Cholesterol Synthesized?
9.5 How Are Lipids Transported throughout the Body?
9.6 How Are Bile Acids Biosynthesized?
9.7 How Are Steroid Hormones Synthesized and Utilized?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 10: Membranes and Membrane Transport
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
10.1 What Are the Chemical and Physical Properties of Membranes
10.2 What Are the Structure and Chemistry of Membrane Proteins?
10.3 How Are Biological Membranes Organized?
10.4 What Are the Dynamic Processes That Modulate Membrane Function?
10.5 How Does Transport Occur across Biological Membranes?
10.6 What Is Passive Diffusion?
10.7 How Does Facilitated Diffusion Occur?
10.8 How Does Energy Input Drive Active Transport Processes?
10.9 How Are Certain Transport Processes Driven by Light Energy?
10.10 How Is Secondary Active Transport Driven by Ion Gradients?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 11: The Reception and Transmission of Extracellular Information
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
11.1 What Are Hormones?
11.2 What Is Signal Transduction?
11.3 How Do Signal-Transducing Receptors Respond to the Hormonal Message?
11.4 How Are Receptor Signals Transduced?
11.5 How Do Effectors Convert the Signals to Actions in the Cell?
11.6 How Are Signalling Pathways Organized and Integrated?
11.7 How Do Neurotransmission Pathways Control the Function of Sensory Systems?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Part II: Protein Dynamics
Ch 12: Enzymes—Kinetics and Specificity
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
12.1 What Characteristic Features Define Enzymes?
12.2 Can the Rate of an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction Be Defined in a Mathematical Way?
12.3 What Equations Define the Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions?
12.4 What Can Be Learned from the Inhibition of Enzyme Activity?
12.5 What Is the Kinetic Behaviour of Enzymes Catalyzing Bimolecular Reactions?
12.6 How Can Enzymes Be So Specific?
12.7 Are All Enzymes Proteins?
12.8 Is It Possible to Design an Enzyme to Catalyze Any Desired Reaction?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 13: Mechanisms of Enzyme Action
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
13.1 What Are the Magnitudes of Enzyme-Induced Rate Accelerations?
13.2 What Role Does Transition-State Stabilization Play in Enzyme Catalysis?
13.3 How Does Destabilization of ES Affect Enzyme Catalysis?
13.4 How Tightly Do Transition-State Analogs Bind to the Active Site?
13.5 What Are the Mechanisms of Catalysis?
13.6 What Can Be Learned from Typical Enzyme Mechanisms?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 14: Enzyme Regulation
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
14.1 What Factors Influence Enzymatic Activity?
14.2 What Are the General Features of Allosteric Regulation?
14.3 Can Allosteric Regulation Be Explained by Conformational Changes in Proteins?
14.4 What Kinds of Covalent Modification Regulate the Activity of Enzymes?
14.5 Is the Activity of Some Enzymes Controlled by Both Allosteric Regulation and Covalent Modification
14.6 Is There an Example in Nature of the Relationship between Quaternary Structure and the Emergence
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 15: Molecular Motors
Essential Question
Key Questions
15.1 What Is a Molecular Motor?
15.2 What Is the Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction?
15.3 What Are the Molecular Motors That Orchestrate the Mechanochemistry of Microtubules?
15.4 How Do Molecular Motors Unwind DNA?
15.5 How Do Bacterial Flagella Use a Proton Gradient to Drive Rotation?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Part III: Metabolism and Its Regulation
Ch 16: Nutrition and the Organization of Metabolism
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
16.1 Is Metabolism Similar in Different Organisms?
16.2 What Can Be Learned from Metabolic Maps?
16.3 How Do Anabolic and Catabolic Processes Form the Core of Metabolic Pathways?
16.4 What Experiments Can Be Used to Elucidate Metabolic Pathways?
16.5 What Can the Metabolome Tell Us about a Biological System?
16.6 What Food Substances Form the Basis of Human Nutrition?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 17: Glycolysis
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
17.1 What Are the Essential Features of Glycolysis?
17.2 Why Are Coupled Reactions Important in Glycolysis?
17.3 What Are the Chemical Principles and Features of the First Phase of Glycolysis?
17.4 What Are the Chemical Principles and Features of the Second Phase of Glycolysis?
17.5 What Are the Metabolic Fates of NADH and Pyruvate Produced in Glycolysis?
17.6 How Do Cells Regulate Glycolysis?
17.7 Are Substrates Other Than Glucose Used in Glycolysis?
17.8 How Do Cells Respond to Hypoxic Stress?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 18: The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
18.1 What Is the Chemical Logic of the TCA Cycle?
18.2 How Is Pyruvate Oxidatively Decarboxylated to Acetyl-CoA?
18.3 How Are 2 CO2 Molecules Produced from Acetyl-CoA?
18.4 How Is Oxaloacetate Regenerated to Complete the TCA Cycle?
18.5 What Are the Energetic Consequences of the TCA Cycle?
18.6 Can the TCA Cycle Provide Intermediates for Biosynthesis?
18.7 What Are the Anaplerotic, or “Filling-Up,” Reactions?
18.8 How Is the TCA Cycle Regulated?
18.9 Can Any Organisms Use Acetate as Their Sole Carbon Source?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 19: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
19.1 Where in the Cell Do Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Occur?
19.2 What Are Reduction Potentials, and How Are They Used to Account for Free Energy Changes in Redo
19.3 How Is the Electron-Transport Chain Organized?
19.4 What Are the Thermodynamic Implications of Chemiosmotic Coupling?
19.5 How Does a Proton Gradient Drive the Synthesis of ATP?
19.6 What Is the P/O Ratio for Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation?
19.7 How Are the Electrons of Cytosolic NADH Fed into Electron Transport?
19.8 How Do Mitochondria Mediate Apoptosis?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 20: Photosynthesis
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
20.1 What Are the General Properties of Photosynthesis?
20.2 How Is Solar Energy Captured by Chlorophyll?
20.3 What Kinds of Photosystems Are Used to Capture Light Energy?
20.4 What Is the Molecular Architecture of Photosynthetic Reaction Centres?
20.5 What Is the Quantum Yield of Photosynthesis?
20.6 How Does Light Drive the Synthesis of ATP?
20.7 How Is Carbon Dioxide Used to Make Organic Molecules?
20.8 How Does Photorespiration Limit CO2 Fixation?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 21: Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
21.1 What Is Gluconeogenesis, and How Does It Operate?
21.2 How Is Gluconeogenesis Regulated?
21.3 How Are Glycogen and Starch Catabolized in Animals?
21.4 How Is Glycogen Synthesized?
21.5 How Is Glycogen Metabolism Controlled?
21.6 Can Glucose Provide Electrons for Biosynthesis?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 22: Fatty Acid Catabolism
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
22.1 How Are Fats Mobilized from Dietary Intake and Adipose Tissue?
22.2 How Are Fatty Acids Broken Down?
22.3 How Are Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids Oxidized?
22.4 How Are Unsaturated Fatty Acids Oxidized?
22.5 Are There Other Ways to Oxidize Fatty Acids?
22.6 What Are Ketone Bodies, and What Role Do They Play in Metabolism?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 23: Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
23.1 Which Metabolic Pathways Allow Organisms to Live on Inorganic Forms of Nitrogen?
23.2 What Is the Metabolic Fate of Ammonium?
23.3 What Regulatory Mechanisms Act on Escherichia coli Glutamine Synthetase?
23.4 How Do Organisms Synthesize Amino Acids?
23.5 How Does Amino Acid Catabolism Lead into Pathways of Energy Production?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Part IV: Nucleic Acids
Ch 24: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
24.1 What Are the Structure and Chemistry of Nitrogenous Bases?
24.2 What Are Nucleosides?
24.3 What Are the Structure and Chemistry of Nucleotides?
24.4 What Are Nucleic Acids?
24.5 What Are the Different Classes of Nucleic Acids?
24.6 Are Nucleic Acids Susceptible to Hydrolysis?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 25: Structure of Nucleic Acids
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
25.1 How Do Scientists Determine the Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids?
25.2 What Sorts of Secondary Structures Can Double-Stranded DNA Molecules Adopt?
25.3 Can the Secondary Structure of DNA Be Denatured and Renatured?
25.4 Can DNA Adopt Structures of Higher Complexity?
25.5 What Is the Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes?
25.6 Can Nucleic Acids Be Synthesized Chemically?
25.7 What Are the Secondary and Tertiary Structures of RNA?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 26: Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
26.1 Can Cells Synthesize Nucleotides?
26.2 How Do Cells Synthesize Purines?
26.3 Can Cells Salvage Purines?
26.4 How Are Purines Degraded?
26.5 How Do Cells Synthesize Pyrimidines?
26.6 How Are Pyrimidines Degraded?
26.7 How Do Cells Form the Deoxyribonucleotides That Are Necessary for DNA Synthesis?
26.8 How Are Thymine Nucleotides Synthesized?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 27: Recombinant DNA: Cloning and Creation of Chimeric Genes
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
27.1 What Does It Mean “to Clone”?
27.2 What Is a DNA Library?
27.3 Can the Cloned Genes in Libraries Be Expressed?
27.4 What Is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
27.5 Is It Possible to Make Directed Changes in the Heredity of an Organism?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 28: DNA Metabolism: Replication, Recombination, and Repair
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
28.1 How Is DNA Replicated?
28.2 What Are the Properties of DNA Polymerases?
28.3 Why Are There So Many DNA Polymerases?
28.4 How Is DNA Replicated in Eukaryotic Cells?
28.5 How Are the Ends of Chromosomes Replicated?
28.6 How Are RNA Genomes Replicated?
28.7 How Is the Genetic Information Shuffled by Genetic Recombination?
28.8 Can DNA Be Repaired?
28.9 What Is the Molecular Basis of Mutation?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Part V: Information Transfer
Ch 29: Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
29.1 How Are Genes Transcribed in Prokaryotes?
29.2 How Is Transcription Regulated in Prokaryotes?
29.3 How Are Genes Transcribed in Eukaryotes?
29.4 How Do Gene Regulatory Proteins Recognize Specific DNA Sequences?
29.5 How Are Eukaryotic Transcripts Processed and Delivered to Ribosomes for Translation?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 30: Protein Synthesis
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
30.1 What Is the Genetic Code?
30.2 How Is an Amino Acid Matched with Its Proper tRNA?
30.3 What Are the Rules in Codon–Anticodon Pairing?
30.4 What Is the Structure of Ribosomes, and How Are They Assembled?
30.5 What Are the Mechanics of mRNA Translation?
30.6 How Are Proteins Synthesized in Eukaryotic Cells?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 31: Post-transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression: mRNA Turnover and Micro-RNA
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
31.1 What Is mRNA Turnover?
31.2 How Is mRNA Decay Carried Out?
31.3 What Is AU-Rich–Mediated Decay?
31.4 What Cellular Processes Serve to Maintain RNA Integrity?
31.5 What Is miRNA-Mediated Gene Regulation?
31.6 Can We Propose a Unified Theory of Gene Expression?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 32: Completing the Protein Life Cycle: Folding, Processing, and Degradation
Essential Questions
Key Questions
Why it Matters
32.1 How Do Newly Synthesized Proteins Fold?
32.2 How Are Proteins Processed Following Translation?
32.3 How Do Proteins Find Their Proper Place in the Cell?
32.4 How Does Protein Degradation Regulate Cellular Levels of Specific Proteins?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Ch 33: Metabolic Integration and Organ Specialization
Essential Question
Key Questions
Why it Matters
33.1 Can Systems Analysis Simplify the Complexity of Metabolism?
33.2 What Underlying Principle Relates ATP Coupling to the Thermodynamics of Metabolism?
33.3 Is There a Good Index of Cellular Energy Status?
33.4 How Is Overall Energy Balance Regulated in Cells?
33.5 How Is Metabolism Integrated in a Multicellular Organism?
33.6 What Regulates Our Eating Behaviour?
33.7 Can You Really Live Longer by Eating Less?
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
Abbreviated Answers to Problems
Index
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