Test bank for Anthropology The Human Challenge 15th Edition by William A. Haviland
Test bank for Anthropology The Human Challenge 15th Edition by William A. Haviland
With compelling photos, engaging examples, conceptual tools, and select studies by anthropologists in far-flung places, the authors of ANTHROPOLOGY: THE HUMAN CHALLENGE, 15th Edition, provide a holistic view of anthropology to help you gain a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of our complex world. You’ll discover the different ways humans face the challenge of existence, the connection between biology and culture in the shaping of human behavior, and the impact of globalization on peoples and cultures around the world.
Additional ISBNs
1305583698, 9781305583696, 1305856775, 1337029874, 9781305856776, 9781337029872
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
Chapter 1: The Essence Of Anthropology
The Anthropological Perspective
Anthropology And Its Fields
Cultural Anthropology
Linguistic Anthropology
Archaeology
Biological Anthropology
Anthropology, Science, And The Humanities
Doing Anthropology In The Field
Questions Of Ethics
Anthropology And Globalization
Biocultural Connection: Picturing Pesticides
Anthropologist of Note: Franz Boas (1858-1942), Matilda Coze Stephenson (1849-1915)
Anthropology Applied: Forensic Anthropology: Voices for the Dead
Orginal Study: Whispers from the Ice
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 2: Biology, Genetics, And Evolution
Evolution And Creation Stories
The Classification Of Living Things
The Discovery Of Evolution
Heredity
The Transmission Of Genes
Genes And Alleles
Cell Division
Polygenetic Inheritance
Evolutionary Forces And Populations
Mutation
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Natural Selection
The Case Of Sickle-Cell Anemia
Adaptation And Physical Variation
Macroevolution And The Process Of Speciation
Biocultural Connection: Bonds Beyond Blood: DNA Testing and Biocultural Connection: Refugee Family
Orginial Study: Ninety-Eight Percent Alike: What Our Similarity to Apes Tells Us about Our Understan
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 3: Living Primates
Methods And Ethics In Primatology
Primates As Mammals
Primate Taxonomy
Primate Characteristics
Primate Teeth
Primate Sensory Organs
The Primate Brain
The Primate Skeleton
Living Primates
Lemurs And Lorises
Tarsiers
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys
Small And Great Apes
Primate Conservation
Threats To Primates
Conservation Strategies
Original Study: Gorilla Ecotourism: Ethical Considerations for Conservation
Biocultural Connection: Gibbons and Sopranos Both Need to Be Heard
Anthropology Applied: Saving Our Ape Cousins: Primatologists, Community Action,and the African Wildl
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 4: Primate Behavior
Primates As Models For Human Evolution
Primate Social Organization
Home Range
Social Hierarchy
Individual Interaction And Bonding
Sexual Behavior
Reproduction And Care Of Young
Communication And Learning
Use Of Objects As Tools
Hunting
The Question Of Culture
Anthropologist of Note: Jane Goodall (b. 1934), Kinji Imanishi (1902–1992)
Biocultural Connection: Humans and Bonobos: A Bicultural Conversation
Anthropology Applied: Chimpanzees in Biomedical Research: Jane Goodalland the Fight to End the Pract
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 5: Field Methods In Archaeology And Paleoanthropology
Recovering Cultural And Biological Remains
The Nature Of Fossils
Burial Of The Dead
Searching For Artifacts And Fossils
Site Identification
Cultural Resource Management
Excavation
Excavation Of Bones
The State Of Preservation Of Archaeological And Fossil Evidence
Sorting Out The Evidence
Dating The Past
Relative Dating
Chronometric Dating
Concepts And Methods For The Most Distant Past
Continental Drift And Geologic Time
The Molecular Clock
The Sciences Of Discovery
Original Study: Action Archaeology and the Community at El Pilar
Biocultural Connection: Kennewick Man
Anthropology Applied: The Atari Burial Grounds
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 6: From First Primates To First Bipeds
Primate Origins
Oligocene Anthropoids
New World Monkeys
Miocene Apes And Human Origins
The Anatomy Of Bipedalism
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
The Pliocene Environment And Hominin Diversity
Diverse Australopithecine Species
East Africa
Central Africa
South Africa
Hominins Of The Early Pleistocene
Robust Australopithecines
Australopithecines And The Genus Homo
Environment, Diet, And The Origins Of The Human Line
Humans Stand On Their Own Two Feet
Early Representatives Of The Genus Homo
Lumpers Or Splitters?
Differences Between Early Homo and Australopithecus
Anthropologist of Note: The Leakeys
Original Study: Ankles of the Australopithecines
Biocultural Connection: Evolution and Human Birth
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 7: Origins Of The Genus Homo
The Discovery Of The First Stone Toolmaker
Sex, Gender, And The Behavior Of Early Homo
Hunters Or Scavengers?
Brain Size And Diet
Homo erectus
Fossils Of Homo Erectus
Physical Characteristics of Homo erectus
Relationship Among Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Other Proposed Fossil Groups
Homo erectus from Africa
Homo erectus Entering Eurasia
Homo erectus from Indonesia
Homo erectus from China
Homo erectus from Western Europe
The Culture of Homo erectus
Acheulean Tool Tradition
Use Of Fire
Hunting
Other Evidence Of Complex Thought
The Question Of Language
Archaic Homo sapiens and the Appearance Of Modern-sized Brains
Levalloisian Technique
Other Cultural Innovations
The Neandertals
Javanese, African, And Chinese Archaic Homo sapiens
Middle Paleolithic Culture
The Mousterian Tool Tradition
The Symbolic Life Of Neandertals
Speech And Language In The Middle Paleolithic
Culture, Skulls, And Modern Human Origins
Biocultural Connections: Sex, Gender, and Female Paleoanthropologists
Original Study: Humans as Prey
Anthropology Applied: Stone Tools for Modern Surgeons
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 8: The Global Expansion of Homo sapiens and Their Technology
Upper Paleolithic Peoples: The First Modern Humans
The Human Origins Debate
The Multiregional Hypothesis
The Recent African Origins Hypothesis
Reconciling The Evidence
The Genetic Evidence
The Anatomical Evidence
The Cultural Evidence
Coexistence And Cultural Continuity
Race And Human Evolution
Upper Paleolithic Technology
Upper Paleolithic Art
Music
Cave Or Rock Art
Ornamental Art
Gender And Art
Other Aspects Of Upper Paleolithic Culture
The Spread Of Upper Paleolithic Peoples
The Sahul
The Americas
Major Paleolithic Trends
Anthropologists of Note: Berhane Asfaw (b. 1953), Svante Pääbo (b. 1955)
Original Study: Paleolithic Paint Job
Biocultural Connection: Paleolithic Prescriptions for Diseases of Today
Chapter Checklist
Question for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 9: The Neolithic Revolution: The Domestication Of Plants And Animals
The Mesolithic Roots Of Farming And Pastoralism
The Neolithic Revolution
What Is Domestication?
Evidence Of Early Plant Domestication
Evidence Of Early Animal Domestication
Why Humans Became Food Producers
The Fertile Crescent
Other Centers Of Domestication
Food Production And Population Size
The Spread Of Food Production
The Culture Of Neolithic Settlements
Jericho: An Early Farming Community
Neolithic Material Culture
Social Structure
Neolithic Cultures In The Americas
The Neolithic And Human Biology
The Neolithic And The Idea Of Progress
Biocultural Connection: Dogs Get Right to the Point
Anthropology Applied: Pre-Columbian Fish Farming in the Amazon
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 10: The Emergence Of Cities And States
Defining Civilization
Tikal: A Case Study
Surveying And Excavating The Site
Evidence From The Excavation
Cities And Cultural Change
Agricultural Innovation
Diversification Of Labor
Central Government
Social Stratification
The Making Of States
Ecological Theories
Action Theory
Civilization And Its Discontents
Social Stratification And Disease
Colonialism And Disease
Anthropology And Cities Of The Future
Originial Study: Ani: Identities and Conflicts inand Around a Silk Road City
Biocultural Connection: Perilous Pigs: The Introduction of Swine-BorneDisease to the Americas
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 11: Modern Human Diversity—Race And Racism
The History Of Human Classification
Race As A Biological Concept
Conflating Biology Into The Cultural Category Of Race
The Social Significance Of Race: Racism
Race And Behavior
Race And Intelligence
Studying Human Biological Diversity
Culture And Biological Diversity
Beans, Enzymes, And Adaptation To Malaria
Skin Color: A Case Study In Adaptation
Race And Human Evolution
Orginial Study: Reflections on the AAA Die-In as aSymbolic Space of Social Death
Biocultural Connection: Beauty, Bigotry, and the Epicanthic Fold of the Beholder
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 12: Human Adaptation To A Changing World
Human Adaptation To Natural Environmental Stressors
Adaptation To High Altitude
Adaptation To Cold
Adaptation To Heat
Human-Made Stressors Of A Changing World
The Development Of Medical Anthropology
Science, Illness, And Disease
Evolutionary Medicine
Symptoms As Defense Mechanisms
Evolution And Infectious Disease
The Political Ecology Of Disease
Prion Diseases
Medical Pluralism
Globalization, Health, And Structural Violence
Population Size And Health
Poverty And Health
Environmental Impact And Health
The Future of Homo sapiens
Anothropologist of Note: Peter T. Ellison (b. 1951)
Original Study: Dancing Skeletons: Life and Deathin West Africa
Biocultural Connection: The Vaccine Debate Goes Viral
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 13: Characteristics Of Culture
Culture And Adaptation
The Concept And Characteristics Of Culture
Culture Is Learned
Culture Is Shared
Culture Is Based On Symbols
Culture Is Integrated
Culture Is Dynamic
Functions Of Culture
Culture, Society, And The Individual
Culture And Change
Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, And Evaluation Of Cultures
Anthropology Applied: New Houses for Apache Indians
Anthropologist of Note: Bronislaw Malinowski (1884–1942)
Biocultural Connection: Modifying the Human Body
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 14: Ethnographic Research—Its History, Methods, And Theories
History Of Ethnographic Research And Its Uses
Salvage Ethnography Or Urgent Anthropology
Acculturation Studies
Applied Anthropology
Studying Cultures At A Distance
Studying Contemporary State Societies
Studying Peasant Communities
Advocacy Anthropology
Studying Up
Globalization And Multi-Sited Ethnography
Doing Ethnography
Site Selection And Research Question
Preparatory Research
Participant Observation: Ethnographic Tools And Aids
Data Gathering: The Ethnographer’s Approach
Challenges Of Ethnographic Fieldwork
Social Acceptance
Physical Danger
Subjectivity, Reflexivity, And Validation
Completing An Ethnography
Building Ethnological Theories
Ethnology And The Comparative Method
A Brief Overview Of Anthropology’s Theoretical Perspectives
Mentalist Perspective
Materialist Perspective
Other Theoretical Perspectives
Ethical Responsibilities In Anthropological Research
Anothropologist of Note: Margaret Mead (1901–1978), Gregory Bateson (1904–1980)
Original Study: The Importance of Trobriand Women
Biocultural Connection: Pig Lovers and Pig Haters
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 15: Language And Communication
Linguistic Research And The Nature Of Language
Descriptive Linguistics
Phonology
Morphology, Syntax, And Grammar
Historical Linguistics
Processes Of Linguistic Divergence
Language Loss And Revival
Language In Its Social And Cultural Settings
Sociolinguistics
Ethnolinguistics
Language Versatility
Beyond Words: The Gesture–call System
Nonverbal Communication
Paralanguage
Tonal Languages
Talking Drums And Whistled Speech
The Origins Of Language
From Speech To Writing
Literacy And Modern Telecommunication
Original Study: Can Chantek Talk in Codes?
Anthropology Applied: When Bambi Spoke Arapaho: Preserving Indigenous Languages
Biocultural Connection: The Biology of Human Speech
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 16: Social Identity, Personality, And Gender
Enculturation: The Self And Social Identity
Self-awareness
Social Identity Through Personal Naming
Self And The Behavioral Environment
Culture And Personality
A Cross-Cultural Perspective On Gender And Personality
Case Study: Childrearing And Gender Among The Ju/’hoansi
Three Childrearing Patterns
Group Personality
Alternative Gender Models
Intersexuality
Transgender
Castration
The Social Context Of Sexual And Gender Identity
Normal And Abnormal Personality In Social Context
Sadhus: Holy Men In Hindu Culture
Mental Disorders Across Time And Cultures
Personal Identity And Mental Health In Globalizing Society
Anthropologist of Note: Ruth Fulton Benedict (1887–1947)
Original Study: The Blessed Curse
Biocultural Connection: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Psychosomatic Symptomsand Mental Health
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 17: Patterns Of Subsistence
Adaptation
Adaptation, Environment, And Ecosystem
Case Study: The Tsembaga
Adaptation And Culture Areas
Modes Of Subsistence
Food-Foraging Societies
Characteristics Of Food-Foraging Societies
How Technology Impacts Cultural Adaptations Among Foragers
Food-Producing Societies
Producing Food In Gardens: Horticulture
Producing Food On Farms: Agriculture
Mixed Farming: Crop Growing And Animal Breeding
Herding Grazing Animals: Pastoralism
Case Study: Bakhtiari Herders
Intensive Agriculture: Urbanization And Peasantry
Industrial Food Production
Adaptation In Cultural Evolution
Types Of Cultural Evolution
Case Study: The Environmental Collapse Of Easter Island
Population Growth And The Limits Of Progress
Biocultural Connection: Surviving in the Andes: Aymara Adaptation to High Altitude
Orginal Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo
Anthropology Applied: Agricultural Development and the Anthropologist
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Refelection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 18: Economic Systems
Economic Anthropology
Case Study: The Yam Complex In Trobriand Culture
Production And Its Resources
Land And Water Resources
Technology Resources
Labor Resources And Patterns
Distribution And Exchange
Reciprocity
Redistribution
Market Exchange And The Marketplace
Money As A Means Of Exchange
Local Economies And Global Capitalism
Informal Economy And The Escape From State Bureaucracy
Athropology Applied: Global Ecotourism and Local Indigenous Culture in Bolivia
Biocultural Connection: Cacao: The Love Bean in the Money Tree
Anthropologist of Note: Rosita Worl
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 19: Sex, Marriage, And Family
Regulation Of Sexual Relations
Marriage And The Regulation Of Sexual Relations
Marriage As A Universal Institution
Sexual And Marriage Practices Among The Nayar
Incest Taboo
Endogamy And Exogamy
Distinction Between Marriage And Mating
Forms Of Marriage
Monogamy
Polygamy
Other Forms Of Marriage
Choice Of Spouse
Cousin Marriage
Same-sex Marriage
Marriage And Economic Exchange
Divorce
Family And Household
Forms Of The Family
Residence Patterns
Marriage, Family, And Household In Our Technological And Globalized World
Adoption And New Reproductive Technologies
Migrant Workforces
Biocultural Connection: Marriage Prohibitions in the United States
Anthropologist of Note: Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009)
Original Study: Arranging Marriage in India
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 20: Kinship And Descent
Descent Groups
Unilineal Descent
Other Forms Of Descent
Descent Within The Larger Cultural System
Lineage Exogamy
From Lineage To Clan
Phratry And Moiety
Bilateral Kinship And The Kindred
Kinship Terminology And Kinship Groups
The Eskimo System
The Hawaiian System
The Iroquois System
Making Relatives
Fictive Kin By Ritual Adoption
Kinship And New Reproductive Technology
Biocultural Connection: Maori Origins: Ancestral Genes and Mythical Canoes
Original Study: Honor Killing in the Netherlands
Anthropology Applied: Resolving a Native American Tribal Membership Dispute
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 21: Grouping By Gender, Age, Common Interest, And Social Status
Grouping By Gender
Grouping By Age
Institutions Of Age Grouping
Age Grouping In East Africa
Grouping By Common Interest
Kinds Of Common-interest Associations
Men’s And Women’s Associations
Associations In The Digital Age
Grouping By Social Status In Stratified Societies
Social Class And Caste
Historical Racial Segregation In South Africa And The United States
Indicators Of Social Status
Maintaining Stratification
Social Mobility
Original Study: The Jewish Eruv: Symbolic Place in Public Space
Anthopology Applied: Anthropologists and Social Impact Assessment
Biocultural Connection: African Burial Ground Project
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 22: Politics, Power, War, And Peace
Systems Of Political Organization
Uncentralized Political Systems
Centralized Political Systems
Political Systems And The Question Of Authority
Politics And Religion
Politics And Gender
Cultural Controls In Maintaining Order
Internalized Control
Externalized Control
Cultural Control: Witchcraft
Holding Trials, Settling Disputes, And Punishing Crimes
Violent Conflict And Warfare
Why War?
Evolution Of Warfare
Ideologies Of Aggression
Armed Conflicts Today
Genocide
Peacemaking
Peace Through Diplomacy
Politics Of Nonviolent Resistance
Anthropologist of Note: Laura Nader (b. 1930)
Biocultural Connection: Sex, Gender, and Human Violence
Anthropology Applied: William Ury: Dispute Resolution and the Anthropologist
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 23: Spirituality, Religion, And Shamanism
Roles Of Spirituality And Religion
Anthropological Approach To Spirituality And Religion
Myth And The Mapping Of A Sacred Worldview
Supernatural Beings And Spiritual Forces
Gods And Goddesses
Ancestral Spirits
Other Types Of Supernatural Beings And Spiritual Forces
Religious Specialists
Priests And Priestesses
Spiritual Lineages: Legitimizing Religious Leadership
Shamans
Ritual Performances
Rites Of Purification: Taboo And Cleansing Ceremonies
Rites Of Passage
Rites Of Intensification
Magical Rituals
Sacred Sites: Saints, Shrines, And Miracles
Pilgrimages: Devotion In Motion
Desecration: Ruining Sacred Sites
Cultural Dynamics In The Superstructure: Religious And Spiritual Change
Revitalization Movements
Syncretic Religions
Syncretic Religions Across The Atlantic: Vodou In Haiti
Secularization And Religious Pluralism
Biocultural Connection: Change Your Karma and Change Your Sex?
Anthropologist of Note: Michael J. Harner (b. 1929)
Original Study: Sacred Law in Global Capitalism
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 24: The Arts
The Anthropological Study Of Art
Visual Art
Verbal Art
Musical Art
The Functions Of Art
Art, Globalization, And Cultural Survival
Original Study: The Modern Tattoo Community
Biocultural Connection: Peyote Art: Divine Visions among the Huichol
Anthropology Applied: Bringing Back the Past
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 25: Processes Of Cultural Change
Cultural Change And The Relativity Of Progress
Mechanisms Of Change
Innovation
Diffusion
Cultural Loss
Repressive Change
Acculturation And Ethnocide
Case Study: Ethnocide Of The Yanomami In Amazonia
Directed Change
Reactions To Change
Syncretism
Revitalization Movements
Rebellion And Revolution
Modernization
Indigenous Accommodation To Modernization
Globalization In The “underdeveloped” World
Anthropologist of Note: Eric R. Wolf (1923–1999)
Anthropology Applied: Development Anthropology and Dams
Biocultural Connection: Studying the Emergence of New Diseases
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Chapter 26: Global Challenges, Local Responses, And The Role Of Anthropology
Cultural Revolutions: From Terra Incognita to Google Earth
A Global Culture?
Global Integration Processes
Pluralistic Societies And Multiculturalism
Pluralistic Societies And Fragmentation
Structural Power In The Age Of Globalization
Military Hard Power
Economic Hard Power
Soft Power: A Global Media Environment
Problems Of Structural Violence
Poverty
Hunger, Obesity, And Malnutrition
Pollution And Global Warming
Reactions To Globalization
Ethnic Minorities And Indigenous Peoples: Struggles For Human Rights
Anthropology’s Role In Meeting The Challenges Of Globalization
Anthropology Applied: Anthropologist S. Ann Dunham, Mother of a U.S. President
Biocultural Connection: Toxic Breast Milk Threatens Arctic Culture
Anthropologist of Note: Paul Farmer (b. 1959)
Chapter Checklist
Questions for Reflection
Digging into Anthropology
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
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