Table of Contents
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1. Culture as Context for Communication
Chapter 1. Defining Culture and Communication Sources of Identity Religion and Identity National Identity Class and Identity Gender and Identity Race, Skin Color, and Identity Civilization and Identity Culture Subculture Ethnicity Co-Culture American Indians Subgroup Microculture Communication Cultural Definitions of Communication Confucian Perspectives on Communication Western Perspectives on Communication The Media of Intercultural Communication Human Couriers and Intermediaries Telephone Internet Social Media Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Note Readings
Chapter 2. Barriers to Intercultural Communication Anxiety Assuming Similarity Instead of Difference Ethnocentrism Stereotypes and Prejudice Stereotypes Negative Effects on Communication Case Study: Asian-Americans Prejudice Racism White Privilege Case Studies The Roma Japan and Korea Extended Case Study of Intercultural Communication Barriers: China and the United States Anxiety History Economy Population Regional Differences Assuming Similarity Instead of Difference Air Space South China Sea Broadcast Media and the Internet Ethnocentrism Status of Taiwan Tibet Human Rights and Free Speech Stereotypes and Prejudice Energy and Sustainability Economic Issues Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Readings
Part 2. Communication Variables
Chapter 3. Context, Perception, and Competence High Versus Low Context The Concept of Face Perception Sensing Effect of Culture on Sensing Perceiving Selection Japanese/English Difficulties With Speech Sounds Organization Grouping Like Objects Together Interpretation Dogs as Pets or as Food Weather Vane as Christian Cross Case Study: Airport Security Intercultural Communication Competence Third Culture Multiculturalism Postethnic Cultures Intercultural Communication Ethics Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Note Readings
Chapter 4. Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Behaviors Nonverbal Communication Functions Types of Nonverbal Communication Proxemics Territoriality Kinesics Chronemics Paralanguage Silence Haptics Artifactual Communication Olfactics Knowing Culture Through Nonverbal Messages Case Study: The Wai in Thailand Nonverbal Misinterpretations as a Barrier Case Study: Korean-American Neighborhood Businesses Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms
Chapter 5. Language as a Barrier Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Development of the Hypothesis Vocabulary Grammar and Syntax Criticisms of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Linguistic Relativism Case Study: Arabic and the Arab Culture Translation Problems Vocabulary Equivalence Idiomatic Equivalence Grammatical-Syntactical Equivalence Experiential Equivalence Conceptual Equivalence Human and Machine Translators Pidgins, Creoles, and Universal Languages Pidgins Creoles Esperanto Language as Nationalism Kiswahili in East Africa The Spread of English India South Africa Australia and New Zealand Canada United States Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Readings
Part 3. Cultural Values
Chapter 6. Dimensions of Nation-State Cultures The Hofstede Dimensions Individualism Versus Collectivism Case Study: Singapore Masculinity Versus Femininity Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Long-Term Versus Short-Term Orientation Indulgence Versus Self-Restraint Environmental Sustainability The Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner Dimensions Case Study: Japan as a Homogeneous Culture Geography and History Population and Economy Cultural Patterns Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Readings
Chapter 7. Dominant U.S. Cultural Patterns Using Value Orientation Theory Origins of U.S. Cultural Patterns Pre-16th Century Indigenous Americans European Enlightenment Regional Differences Resulting From Immigration Forces Toward the Development of a Dominant Culture Value Orientation Theory What is a Human Being’s Relation to Nature? The Individual-and-Nature Relationship Science and Technology Materialism What is the Modality of Human Activity? Activity and Work Efficiency and Practicality Progress and Change What is the Temporal Focus of Human Life? What is the Character of Innate Human Nature? Goodness Rationality Mutability What is the Relationship of the Individual to Others? Individualism Self-Motivation Social Organization Popular Acceptance of Dominant U.S. Cultural Patterns Forces Toward the Development of Regional Cultures The New Regions Social Class Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Note Readings
Chapter 8. Religion and Identity Hinduism Buddhism Japan Christianity Islam Muhammad, the Prophet The Qur’an Religious Practices The Arab States Saudi Arabia Geography Discovery of Oil Ruling Saud Family and Conservative Wahhabism Media Regional Instability Dominant Cultural Patterns Human Being-Nature Orientation Activity Orientation Time Orientation Human Nature Orientation Relational Orientation Role of Women Communication Barriers Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Readings
Chapter 9. Culture and Gender Status of Women United Nations Studies World Economic Forum Study Health and Survival Economic Participation and Opportunity Political Participation Comparison of Individual Countries and Areas Nordic Countries Mexico China Japan South Korea India Sub-Saharan Africa Arab States Marriage Family Units Nonbinary Gender Identities Examples Cultural Status Gender Expression and Communication Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Readings
Part 4. Cultures Within Cultures
Chapter 10. Immigration and Acculturation A World of Migration Immigration and National Identity Israel Europe Muslim Immigration Refugees Brazil First Wave Second Wave Third Wave Recent Immigration United States Colonial Policies on Immigration U.S. Policies on Immigration Contributing Countries Prior to 1800 Contributing Countries Since 1800 Immigration and Individual Identity Culture Shock Stages of Culture Shock Symptoms Reverse Culture Shock Predictors of Acculturation Effect of Media and Transportation Advances Categories of Acculturation Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Readings
Chapter 11. Cultures Within Cultures Marginalization: The Hmong History Cultural Patterns Separation: Koreans in Russia Separation: The Amish History Diversity Among the Amish Values Worldview Activity Orientation Human Nature Orientation Relational Orientation Indigenous Cultures Assimilation: United States Melting Pot Concept Integration: United States English-Speaking Cultures Spanish-Speaking Cultures Hispanic Culture Within the U.S. Culture Values Cultural Identity and Media Print Radio Television Spanish-Language Internet and Social Media Spanish Language and Marketing Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Readings
Chapter 12. Identity and Subgroups Argot Specialized Vocabulary Argot and Subgroup Identity Argot and Subgroup Boundaries Argot and Meaning Subgroup Media and Values Examples of Subgroups British Punk Corporate Cultures Case Study: Southwest Airlines Case Study: Google Homosexuality Worldwide Attitudes About Homosexuality and Same-sex Marriage Cultural Bases for Attitudes Sexual Orientation as a Basis for Subgroups Sexual Orientation and Othering Consequences of Othering Media and Othering Rejecting All Labels From Separation to Assimilation Evidence of Separate Status Integration or Assimilation of Subgroups Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Readings
Part 5. Applications
Chapter 13. Contact Between Cultures Colonialism Hawai’i Australia Cultural Imperialism Development Communication Opinion Leadership and Change Agents Adopters Change Agent Ethics Case Study: Quality Circles Case Study: Vietnamese Nail Technicians Cultural Icons Cultural Hegemony Japanese Icon in Mexico U.S. Cultural Icons Coca-Cola® Disney McDonald’s KFC Spam® Nike Adapting the Message Case Study: Marketing Gerber Baby Foods Worldwide Case Study: Religious Missionary Work in New Guinea Adapting U.S. Icons Summary Discussion Questions Key Terms Readings
Chapter 14. Future Challenges Religion Class Gender Race, Skin Color, and Ethnicity Civilization Nation Threats to Culture Threats to the Environment Threats from Immigration The Promise of New Media A Final Word Summary Discussion Questions Readings
Glossary
References
Index
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