SolutionManual Macroeconomics 4th Australian Edition Glenn Hubbard
SolutionManual Macroeconomics 4th Australian Edition Glenn Hubbard
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- Front Matter
- Half title
- Dedication
- Full title
- Imprint
- About the authors
- Preface
- The foundation
- Special features
- Educator resources
- Reviewers
- Brief contents
- Detailed contents
- Flexibility chart
- Copyright acknowledgement
- Part 1 Introduction
- Chapter 1 Economics: Foundations and models
- Three key economic ideas
- People are rational
- People respond to economic incentives
- Optimal decisions are made at the margin
- Solved problem 1.1 Apple makes a decision at the margin
- Scarcity, trade-offs and the economic problem that every society must solve
- What goods and services will be produced?
- How will the goods and services be produced?
- Who will receive the goods and services produced?
- Centrally planned economies versus market economies
- The modern âmixedâ economy
- Efficiency and equity
- Economic models
- The role of assumptions in economic models
- Forming and testing hypotheses in economic models
- Normative and positive analysis
- Donât let this happen to you
- Donât confuse positive analysis with normative analysis
- Economics as a social science
- Making the connection 1.1
- Good economics doesnât always mean good politics
- Microeconomics and macroeconomics
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- Robotics will hit finance jobs harder than offshoring
- Chapter summary and problems
- Chapter 1 Appendix
- Using graphs and formulas
- Graphs of one variable
- Graphs of two variables
- Formulas
- Appendix Questions and problems
- Chapter 2 Choices and trade-offs in the market
- Production possibility frontiers and real-world trade-offs
- Graphing the production possibility frontier
- Increasing marginal opportunity costs
- Making the connection 2.1
- Trade-offs and emergency aid relief
- Economic growth
- Comparative advantage and trade
- Specialisation and gains from trade
- Absolute advantage versus comparative advantage
- Donât let this happen to you
- Donât confuse absolute advantage with comparative advantage
- Comparative advantage and the gains from trade
- Solved problem 2.1 Comparative advantage and the gains from trade
- The market system
- The gains from free markets
- The market mechanism
- Making the connection 2.2
- Story of the market system in action: I, pencil
- The role of the entrepreneur
- The legal basis of a successful market system
- Protection of private property
- Making the connection 2.3
- Illegal downloads from cyberspace
- Enforcement of contracts and property rights
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- Expansion and production mix at BMW
- Chapter summary and problems
- Part 2 How the market works
- Chapter 3 Where prices come from: The interaction of demand and supply
- The demand side of the market
- Demand schedules and demand curves
- The law of demand
- Holding everything else constant: The ceteris paribus condition
- What explains the law of demand?
- Variables that shift market demand
- Making the connection 3.1
- The ageing of the Baby Boom generation
- A change in demand versus a change in quantity demanded
- The supply side of the market
- Supply schedules and supply curves
- The law of supply
- Variables that shift supply
- A change in supply versus a change in quantity supplied
- Market equilibrium: Putting demand and supply together
- How markets eliminate surpluses and shortages
- Demand and supply both count
- Shifts in a curve versus movements along a curve
- The effect of demand and supply shifts on equilibrium
- Donât let this happen to you
- Remember: A change in a goodâs price does not cause the demand or supply curve to shift
- The effect of shifts in supply on equilibrium
- The effect of shifts in demand on equilibrium
- The effect of shifts in demand and supply over time
- Solved problem 3.1 Demand and supply both count: Pharmacists and accountants
- Making the connection 3.2
- The rise and rise of fitness trackers
- Solved problem 3.2 Demand and supply both count: The Australian housing market
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- PC shipments fall record 10.6% in 4Q: IDC
- Chapter summary and problems
- Part 3 Macroeconomic foundations and economic growth
- Chapter 4 GDP: Measuring total production, income and economic growth
- Gross domestic product measures total production
- Measuring total production: Gross domestic product
- Measuring GDP using the value-added method
- Other measures of total production and total income
- Solved problem 4.1 Calculating GDP
- Methods of measuring gross domestic product
- Production, expenditure and income and the circular-flow diagram
- Components of GDP
- Donât let this happen to you
- Remember what economists mean by investment
- An equation for GDP and some actual values
- Does GDP measure what we want it to measure?
- Shortcomings in GDP as a measure of total production
- Making the connection 4.1
- Why do many developing countries have such large underground economies?
- Shortcomings of GDP as a measure of wellbeing
- Making the connection 4.2
- How else can we measure economic wellbeing?
- Real GDP versus nominal GDP
- Calculating real GDP
- Calculating the economic growth rate
- Making the connection 4.3
- How did the standard of living in Nigeria almost double overnight?
- The GDP deflator
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- The four factors that drag Australia down
- Chapter summary and problems
- Chapter 5 Economic growth, the financial system and business cycles
- Long-run economic growth is the key to rising living standards
- Making the connection 5.1
- The connection between economic prosperity and health
- Calculating growth rates and the rule of 70
- What determines the rate of long-run economic growth?
- Solved problem 5.1 Where does long-run growth come from?
- Making the connection 5.2
- Can India sustain its rapid growth?
- Potential GDP
- Saving, investment and the financial system
- An overview of the financial system
- The macroeconomics of saving and investment
- The market for loanable funds
- Making the connection 5.3
- Ebenezer Scrooge: Accidental promoter of economic growth?
- Solved problem 5.2 Are future budget deficits a threat to the economy?
- The business cycle
- Some basic business cycle definitions
- What happens during the business cycle
- Donât let this happen to you
- Donât confuse short-run fluctuations with long-run trends
- Making the connection 5.4
- Why did the Global Financial Crisis occur?
- Why are business cycle fluctuations less severe?
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- Are vehicle sales warning of a US slowdown?
- Chapter summary and problems
- Chapter 6 Long-run economic growth: Sources and policies
- Economic growth over time and around the world
- Economic growth over time
- Small differences in growth rates are important
- Making the connection 6.1
- Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
- Donât let this happen to you
- Donât confuse average annual percentage change with total percentage change
- Why do growth rates matter?
- âThe rich get richer and . . .â
- Making the connection 6.2
- Is income all that matters?
- What determines how fast economies grow?
- The per-worker production function
- Which is more important for economic growth: More capital or technological change?
- Technological change: The key to sustaining economic growth
- Making the connection 6.3
- What explains the economic failure of the Soviet Union?
- Solved problem 6.1 Using the economic growth model to analyse the failure of the Soviet Unionâs ec
- New growth theory
- Joseph Schumpeter and creative destruction
- Economic growth in Australia
- Economic growth and labour productivity in Australia since 1940
- What caused the productivity slowdown of the 1970s and 1980s?
- Can Australia maintain high rates of productivity growth?
- Why isnât the whole world rich?
- Catch-up: Sometimes but not always
- Solved problem 6.2 The economic growth modelâs prediction of catch-up
- Why donât more low-income countries experience rapid growth?
- Making the connection 6.4
- What explains rapid economic growth in Botswana?
- The benefits of globalisation
- Is economic growth good or bad?
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- The FDI big bang
- Chapter summary and problems
- Part 4 Unemployment and inflation
- Chapter 7 Unemployment
- Measuring the unemployment rate and the labour force participation rate
- The labour force survey
- Problems with measuring the unemployment rate
- Solved problem 7.1 What would happen if the ABS labour force survey included the military?
- Trends in labour force participation
- How long are people usually unemployed?
- Job creation and job destruction
- Making the connection 7.1
- What explains the increase in welfare recipients?
- Solved problem 7.2 Correctly interpreting labour force data
- The costs of unemployment
- Costs to the economy
- Costs to the individual
- The distribution of unemployment
- Types of unemployment
- Cyclical unemployment
- Frictional unemployment and job search
- Structural unemployment
- Full employment
- Making the connection 7.2
- How should we categorise unemployment in Australia?
- Donât let this happen to you
- Donât confuse full employment with a zero unemployment rate
- Explaining frictional and structural unemployment
- Government policies and the unemployment rate
- Social security and other payments to the unemployed
- Labour market regulation and deregulation
- Minimum wages
- Trade unions
- Efficiency wages
- Making the connection 7.3
- Why did Henry Ford pay his workers twice as much as other car manufacturers?
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- Youth unemployment: The Sydney hotspots
- Chapter summary and problems
- Chapter 8 Inflation
- Measuring inflation
- The consumer price index
- Is the CPI accurate?
- Donât let this happen to you
- Donât confuse the price level with the inflation rate
- The producer price index
- Using price indexes to adjust for the effects of inflation
- Solved problem 8.1 What has been happening with real wages in Australia?
- Nominal interest rates versus real interest rates
- Making the connection 8.1
- Why a lower inflation rate is like a tax cut for Wesfarmersâ bond holders
- Does inflation impose costs on the economy?
- Inflation affects the distribution of income
- The problem with anticipated inflation
- The problem with unanticipated inflation
- Hyperinflation
- Deflation
- Making the connection 8.2
- Whatâs so bad about falling prices?
- What causes inflation?
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- All eyes on inflation next week, but not everything is as it seems . . .
- Chapter summary and problems
- Part 5 Short-run fluctuations
- Chapter 9 Aggregate expenditure and output in the short run
- The aggregate expenditure model
- Aggregate expenditure
- The difference between planned investment and actual investment
- Macroeconomic equilibrium
- Adjustments to macroeconomic equilibrium
- Determining the level of aggregate expenditure in the economy
- Consumption
- The relationship between consumption and national income
- Income, consumption and saving
- Solved problem 9.1 Calculating the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to sav
- Planned investment
- Government purchases
- Net exports
- Making the connection 9.1
- The iPhone is made in China . . . or is it?
- Graphing macroeconomic equilibrium
- Showing a contraction or recession on the 45° line diagram
- The important role of inventories
- Making the connection 9.2
- Business attempts to control inventories, then . . . and now
- A numerical example of macroeconomic equilibrium
- Donât let this happen to you
- Donât confuse aggregate expenditure with consumption spending
- Solved problem 9.2 Determining macroeconomic equilibrium
- The multiplier effect
- A simple formula for the multiplier
- Making the connection 9.3
- The multiplier in reverse: The Great Depression of the 1930s
- Summarising the multiplier effect
- Solved problem 9.3 Using the multiplier formula
- The paradox of thrift?
- The aggregate demand curve
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- No recession but Singapore may see some quarters of negative growth: MTI
- Chapter summary and problems
- Chapter 9 Appendix
- The algebra of macroeconomic equilibrium
- Appendix problems
- Chapter 10 Aggregate demand and aggregate supply analysis
- Aggregate demand
- Why is the aggregate demand curve downward sloping?
- Shifts of the aggregate demand curve versus movements along it
- The variables that shift the aggregate demand curve
- Donât let this happen to you
- Be clear why the aggregate demand curve is downward sloping
- Making the connection 10.1
- Should Germany reduce its reliance on exports?
- Solved problem 10.1 Movements along the aggregate demand curve versus shifts of the aggregate demand
- Aggregate supply
- The long-run aggregate supply curve
- Shifts in the long-run aggregate supply curve
- The short-run aggregate supply curve
- Shifts of the short-run aggregate supply curve versus movements along it
- Variables that shift the short-run aggregate supply curve
- Variables that shift the short-run and long-run aggregate supply curves
- Macroeconomic equilibrium in the long run and the short run
- Recessions, expansions and supply shocks
- A dynamic aggregate demand and aggregate supply model
- What is the usual cause of inflation?
- Making the connection 10.2
- Does technological change create unemployment?
- Solved problem 10.2 Showing the oil shock of 1974 on a dynamic aggregate demand and aggregate supply
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- Housing boom lifts Harvey Normanâs profit
- Chapter summary and problems
- Chapter 10 Appendix
- Macroeconomic schools of thought
- The monetarist model
- The new classical model
- The real business cycle model
- The Austrian model
- Making the connection 10A.1
- Karl Marx: Capitalismâs severest critic
- Part 6 Monetary and fiscal policy
- Chapter 11 Money, banks and the Reserve Bank of Australia
- What is money and why do we need it?
- Barter and the invention of money
- Making the connection 11.1
- Money in a World War II prisoner-of-war camp
- The functions of money
- What can serve as money?
- Making the connection 11.2
- Coca-Cola dries up as the Zimbabwe currency no longer serves as money
- How do we measure money today?
- M1: The narrowest definition of the money supply
- Broader definitions of money
- Donât let this happen to you
- Donât confuse money with income or wealth
- Making the connection 11.3
- Are bitcoins money?
- How do financial institutions create money?
- Bank balance sheets
- Using T-accounts to show how a bank can create money
- The simple deposit multiplier
- Solved problem 11.1 Showing how banks create money
- The simple deposit multiplier versus the real-world deposit multiplier
- The Reserve Bank of Australia
- How the RBA manages financial liquidity and interest rates
- Exchange rate management
- The quantity theory of money
- Connecting money and prices: The equation of exchange
- The quantity theory explanation of inflation
- High rates of inflation
- Making the connection 11.4
- The German hyperinflation of the early 1920s
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- Innovation in electronic payments to accelerate demise of cheques
- Chapter summary and problems
- Chapter 12 Monetary policy
- What is monetary policy?
- The goals of monetary policy
- The demand for and supply of money
- The demand for money
- Shifts in the money demand curve
- How the RBA manages the supply of cash
- Equilibrium in the money market
- A tale of two interest rates
- Monetary policy and economic activity
- How interest rates affect aggregate demand
- The effects of monetary policy on real GDP and the price level
- Can the RBA eliminate contractions and recessions?
- Using monetary policy to fight inflation
- Making the connection 12.1
- Central banks, quantitative easing and negative interest rates
- Solved problem 12.1 The effects of monetary policy
- Is monetary policy always effective and fair?
- Making the connection 12.2
- Why does the share market care about monetary policy?
- Donât let this happen to you
- Remember that with monetary policy, itâs the interest rateânot the moneyâthat counts
- Should the Reserve Bank of Australia target inflation?
- Making the connection 12.3
- How does the RBA measure inflation?
- Is the independence of the Reserve Bank of Australia a good idea?
- The case for RBA independence
- The case against RBA independence
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- RBA independence on interest rates: A tick for a resilient economy
- Chapter summary and problems
- Chapter 13 Fiscal policy
- What is fiscal policy?
- What fiscal policy is and what it isnât
- Automatic stabilisers versus discretionary fiscal policy
- An overview of government spending and taxes
- Using fiscal policy to influence aggregate demand
- Expansionary fiscal policy
- Contractionary fiscal policy
- Donât let this happen to you
- Donât confuse fiscal policy and monetary policy
- Government purchases and tax multipliers
- The effect of changes in tax rates
- Taking into account the effects of aggregate supply
- The multipliers work in both directions
- Solved problem 13.1 Fiscal policy multipliers
- The limits to using fiscal policy to stabilise the economy
- Making the connection 13.1
- Why was the United Statesâ recession of 2007â2009 so severe?
- Does government spending reduce private spending?
- Crowding out in the short run
- Crowding out in the long run
- Deficits, surpluses and federal government debt
- How the federal budget can serve as an automatic stabiliser
- Should the federal budget always be balanced?
- Solved problem 13.2 The effect of economic fluctuations on the budget deficit
- Is government debt a problem?
- Making the connection 13.2
- Government bankruptcy in Europe
- The effects of fiscal policy in the long run
- The long-run effects of tax policy
- Tax simplification
- The economic effect of tax reform
- How large are supply-side effects?
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- Japan cabinet approves $175b fiscal boost
- Chapter summary and problems
- Chapter 13 Appendix 1
- Is there a short-run trade-off between unemployment and inflation?
- The Phillips curve
- Explaining the Phillips curve with aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves
- Is the Phillips curve a policy menu?
- Is the short-run Phillips curve stable?
- The long-run Phillips curve
- The role of expectations of future inflation
- Do workers understand inflation?
- Appendix 1 Questions and problems
- Chapter 13 Appendix 2
- A closer look at the multiplier
- An expression for equilibrium real GDP
- A formula for the government purchases multiplier
- A formula for the tax multiplier
- The âbalanced budgetâ multiplier
- The effects of changes in tax rates on the multiplier
- The multiplier in an open economy
- Appendix 2 Problems
- Part 7 The international economy
- Chapter 14 Macroeconomics in an open economy
- The balance of payments: Linking Australia to the international economy
- The current account
- The capital account
- The financial account
- Why is the balance of payments always zero?
- Donât let this happen to you
- Donât confuse the balance of trade, the current account balance and the balance of payments
- Solved problem 14.1 Understanding the arithmetic of open economies
- The foreign exchange market and exchange rates
- Equilibrium in the market for foreign exchange
- Making the connection 14.1
- Exchange rates listings
- Donât let this happen to you
- Donât confuse what happens when a currency appreciates with what happens when it depreciates
- How do shifts in demand and supply affect the exchange rate?
- Some exchange rates are not determined by the market
- Making the connection 14.2
- The Chinese yuan: The worldâs most controversial currency
- How movements in the exchange rate affect exports and imports
- Solved problem 14.2 The effect of changing exchange rates on the prices of imports
- The real exchange rate
- The international sector and national saving and investment
- Current account balance equals net foreign investment
- Domestic saving, domestic investment and net foreign investment
- The effect of a government budget deficit on investment
- Is Australiaâs current account deficit a problem?
- Making the connection 14.3
- International debt relief for poor countries
- Monetary policy and fiscal policy in an open economy
- Monetary policy in an open economy
- Fiscal policy in an open economy
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- Brexit tipped to push $A higher, RBA to cut rate
- Chapter summary and problems
- Chapter 15 The international financial system
- Exchange rate systems
- Donât let this happen to you
- Remember that modern currencies are fiat money
- The current exchange rate system
- The floating dollar
- What determines exchange rates in the long run?
- Making the connection 15.1
- The Big Mac theory of exchange rates
- The four determinants of exchange rates in the long run
- The euro
- Making the connection 15.2
- Greece and Germany: Diverse economies, common currency
- Pegging against the US dollar
- Solved problem 15.1 Coping with fluctuations in the value of the Australian dollar
- International capital markets
- Conclusion
- An inside look
- How Australia has come out on top in this currency war
- Chapter summary and problems
- Chapter 15 Appendix
- The gold standard and the Bretton Woods System
- The gold standard
- The Bretton Woods System
- Appendix Questions and problems
- Glossary
- Index
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SolutionManual Macroeconomics 4th Australian Edition Glenn Hubbard